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Drinking water. --- Sanitation, Household.

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Coverage figures also need to be viewed in the context of the grave water quality issues, virtual lack of treatment of sewage and wastewater in a heavily industrialized province, and serious contamination of water bodies and sources. Solid waste collection, which was not covered in detail in this study, is reportedly only 34 percent overall and virtually absent in rural areas, which has impact on the functionality of sanitation infrastructure, and can result in contamination of water bodies. There is no sanitary landfill in the province. Sindh's lower riparian status exposes it to critical issues of water availability. Pakistan is a highly water stressed country and reduced water flows in the lower Indus have stretched water availability and increased saltwater intrusion. Inadequate drainage has resulted in widespread waterlogging and salinity (with nearly a fifth of the canal command affected). This affects both drinking water and sewerage/drainage systems. The high level of environmental degradation has had serious economic and social consequences. This is compounded by the weak environmental management of a significant urban sector; of about 486 million gallon per day (MGD) of sewage generated by Karachi and Hyderabad alone, a mere 65 MGD is treated, the remaining being discharged raw into water bodies (with reportedly only 1 percent of wastewater treated outside of the two main cities). The study finds that these achievements need to be viewed with considerable caution. Serious structural issues threaten to negate these gains in the immediate future. There is a high dependence on private providers and self-provision where state systems are failing due to growing populations. This remains unregulated, and multiple actors serve as providers with minimal coordination or adherence to standards and regulations. Yet, without the presence of private providers and self-provision, sector performance will be significantly weaker.

Hygiene --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) has established three Strategic Engagement Areas (SEAs) around which it has organized its work program. One of those SEAs is Sustained Service Delivery for the Poor. This paper is one of two (the second one addresses behavior change) that will develop frameworks and tools to be employed to supplement IEG evaluations in urban transport, water and sanitation, and nutrition. This paper serves three purposes. First, it defines service delivery and its key concepts and features as well as provides examples of how the World Bank Group has supported service delivery. Second, the paper serves a practical purpose within IEG in developing a framework and analytical protocol to evaluate service delivery as part of three ongoing sector evaluations in urban transport, water and sanitation, and nutrition. Finally, the paper discusses how to integrate service delivery when designing and implementing other sector evaluations.

Access of Poor to Social Services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction --- Sanitation --- Urban Development --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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Indigenous peoples in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) are 10 to 25 percent less likely to have access to piped water and 26 percent less likely to have access to improved sanitation solutions than the region's non-indigenous population. Historically, Indigenous peoples have been marginalized from the development process in their own countries and still suffer discrimination from the mainstream societies today. Oftentimes, Indigenous territories are overlooked or avoided by Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) project planners and proponents given their lack of understanding of how to engage or carry out projects in collective or semi-autonomous Indigenous territories, the remoteness of these areas, and the high associated per capita cost of a potential operation, among other reasons. The significant gap in Indigenous peoples' access to WSS services, a basic human right that is closely linked to economic and social wellbeing, alongside the lack of established tools in the sector to guide engagement in Indigenous territories, motivated the creation of this Toolkit. The objective of the Toolkit is to provide practical guidance and operational tools to improve the inclusion of, engagement with, and delivery of sustainable WSS services to Indigenous peoples in LAC in order to permanently close the WSS service gap. The Toolkit summarizes the findings of interviews, consultations, and field visits carried out by a multi-sector, multi-national World Bank Team in 37 Indigenous communities located in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in seven LAC countries where the World Bank or other development actors had implemented WSS projects with Indigenous peoples.

Climate --- Hygiene --- Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing --- Indigenous Peoples --- Monitoring and Evaluation --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Use

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The United Nations (UN) Urbanization Prospects report (2009) indicated that the world will become predominantly urban in a few years. The increasing interest in urban affairs (policy and praxis), the renewal mission and the shift in global economic growth towards China and India fueled increased interest in urbanization, services and investment needs. Following the history of various committees or institutions mandated (Rakesh Mohan Committee, 1996; HUDCO, 2000) to estimate aggregate levels of total annual investment requirements for urban infrastructure, the High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) was tasked (2008) by the Planning Commission to estimate the demand for urban infrastructural services, along with other issues relevant to the conceptualization and management of these. Onsite sanitation systems are usually invested in by households and maintained by them through access to market service providers (for example, masons, septage collectors, and so on). Apart from state-assisted capital investments (like in the Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme for the poor households), these capital investments are mostly private and from households. In the coming years, without the urban household sanitation structure will continue to exhibit a mix of different sanitation technologies and arrangements, onsite, sewered, shared/community/public and household ownership. The composition could show variation depending on the incentives provided at the city level through programmatic interventions using behavior change and market-linked approaches. The objective of this study was to review and refine earlier work on financing needs of the urban sanitation sector and, based thereon, project investment requirements for addressing the full cycle of sanitation in urban areas, that is, providing universal access (for resident households and floating populations), and for safe collection, conveyance and treatment of human excreta.

Municipal Financial Management --- Urban Development --- Urban Water & Waste Management --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Supply and Sanitation